邏輯關(guān)系詞在雅思閱讀中的分類和應(yīng)用

雅思閱讀難度雖有點(diǎn)大，但是只要考生掌握句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，即使不認(rèn)識考點(diǎn)詞，也能夠猜出答案。本篇文章將重點(diǎn)分析一下同學(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)過程中忽略邏輯關(guān)系詞的原因，以及邏輯關(guān)系詞在雅思閱讀中的分類和應(yīng)用。

1. 漢語是表意（象形）文字，英語是表音文字

大部分漢語單詞本身是有意義的，我們的祖先結(jié)合自然和實(shí)際生活創(chuàng)造文字，無需通過上下文我們就可以猜出詞匯的意思，比如我們最開始學(xué)的“水”“木”等，這些詞與我們實(shí)際生活中見到的實(shí)物差不多，所以我們?nèi)菀子涀≡~的意思。其次再用這些詞和其它詞組合而成的單詞我們也能夠猜出詞匯意思，比如“杉”，應(yīng)該和木頭有關(guān)。而英語是表音文字，是由一系列字母組成的，字母本身沒有意義，比如我們很難把英語里面的“water”, and“wood”和生活中的實(shí)物聯(lián)系起來。這些單詞本身是沒有意義的，是人類在發(fā)展過程和實(shí)際生活中的需要賦予了這些詞意義。再比如動(dòng)詞“搶”，無上下文提示，根據(jù)提手旁“扌”就可以推測出來這個(gè)詞是表動(dòng)作而且和手有關(guān)，而英語“rob”單單一個(gè)詞，無上下文我們是很難猜出詞匯意思的，只有放在具體語境中我們才能猜出它的詞性以及內(nèi)容：He stopped me, beat me androbbedme of my money. （他截住我，打了我，并且搶了我的錢。）所以英語詞匯要放在邏輯關(guān)系語義中更容易學(xué)。

2. 在句子應(yīng)用中，漢語邏輯關(guān)系詞可以省略，而英語則不行 

我負(fù)擔(dān)不起去英國留學(xué)，（因?yàn)椋┗ㄙM(fèi)太高了。（1）

I couldn’t afford to study in England,because the expense is exorbitant.（2） 

（1）句漢語例子中表原因的邏輯關(guān)系詞“因?yàn)椤痹趯?shí)際應(yīng)用中是可以省略的，而且也不影響我們對句子的理解。而（2）句英語里面的邏輯關(guān)系詞“because”在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中是不能省略的，并且我們通過“because”可以判斷出“exorbitant”的意思應(yīng)該是表示“高”。 

從以上分析，我們可以得出由于英漢兩種語言在詞匯構(gòu)造上的差異，以及在句子應(yīng)用中的表達(dá)方式不同，我們母語使用比較靈活，可以忽略邏輯關(guān)系詞，所以受母語影響，我們常常忽略英語邏輯關(guān)系詞在理解中的重要作用。 

二、邏輯關(guān)系詞在雅思閱讀中的分類和應(yīng)用

在例子（2）里面，我們只要知道“because”表原因，就可以推導(dǎo)出“exorbitant”的意思，并且英語里表示此類邏輯關(guān)系的詞是有限的，所以同學(xué)們只要記住各類邏輯關(guān)系詞的意思就可以輕松推理出考點(diǎn)詞的意思。

1. 原因

判斷題：Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.（劍7T3P3-Q27） 

定位原文：Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. 

此題很多同學(xué)因?yàn)樵谠闹形闯霈F(xiàn)European Economic Community而誤選NOT GIVEN。但是如果我們按邏輯關(guān)系“because”去定位原文“therefore”, 就能猜出答案。Therefore意思是表結(jié)果，那么前面應(yīng)該是在描述原因(Those confined to particular geographical areas), 而問題給的原因是(they are outside the European Economic Community), 所以答案是FALSE。

表原因的邏輯關(guān)系詞：because, because of, therefore, so, hence, thus, since, result in, result from, as a result, due to, for, cause, contribute to, consequently, as, lead to, owing to and in that, etc.

2. 否定 

完成句子填空：The sense of smell may involve response to ______ which do not smell, in addition to obvious odors.（劍8T2P3-Q39）

定位原文：Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two-one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. 

問題空格后面是一個(gè)否定定語從句“which do not smell”, 對應(yīng)原文中的否定詞odourless,less是否定詞根，所以答案是chemicals。 

判斷題：Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusqueaabietifolia’s seasonal rhythm.（劍5T4P3-Q32）

定位原文：The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known.

這題很多同學(xué)錯(cuò)選FALSE,yet to do something是表示否定的，意思是“還沒有去做”，所以答案是TRUE。

表否定邏輯關(guān)系的詞根：decline, dehydrate, disagreeable, disable,misconduct, mislead, inconsistent,inaccurate, immortal, imperfect,irregular, irrelevant, nonexistent, nonstop, unstable, uninformed,subconscious, subordinate, undervalue, underestimate, odorlessand regardless etc.

表否定的邏輯關(guān)系詞：not, no, never, without and rather than etc.

3. 舉例子

完成句子填空：Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as_____.（劍5T4P3-Q35） 

定位原文：Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.

此題通過referred to as與known as同義替換，可以直接得出答案：day-neutral plants, 此類題型在雅思閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。

流程圖題：stage one resin, called____（劍5T2P1-Q4）

定位原文：The result was a resin known as Novalak.

此題很多同學(xué)不認(rèn)識生詞“resin”, 但可以通過“called”與“known as”同義替換推測出答案是Novalak.

表舉例子的邏輯關(guān)系詞：such as, known as, refer to as, like, for example, for instance, to point out, in particular, in detail, especially, specifically and call etc.

4. 轉(zhuǎn)折

段落大意題：It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team’s research demonstrates that ... . The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.（劍7T2P1-Q5）

這道題目很多同學(xué)因?yàn)榈谝痪湓挸霈F(xiàn)improvements in telecommunications而誤選“vi. the impact of telecommunications on population distribution”。第二句話有轉(zhuǎn)折詞however, 所以答案肯定不選vi, 正確選項(xiàng)是“iii. the benefits of working together in cities”, 對應(yīng)原文最后一句話。

完成句子填空：Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where _____are unpredictable.（劍5T4P4-Q34）

定位原文：Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, butday length on increases steadily by a predictable amount.

這題很多同學(xué)會錯(cuò)選pattern, 原文but后面描述的是白天長度(day length)是可以預(yù)測的(predictable)，前半句話的意思與此相反，表示temperatures是不可以預(yù)測的（fluctuate-波動(dòng)），所以答案是temperatures。

段落大意題：In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often…（劍8T2P3-Q29）

這題即使同學(xué)不認(rèn)識“undervalued”這個(gè)詞，也可以通過“in spite of”（雖然…但是）推導(dǎo)出前后兩者的關(guān)系應(yīng)該是相反的（與importance意思相反，表示不重要，低估），所以答案是“vi. why our sense of smell is not appreciated”, “undervalued”與“not appreciated”同義替換。

表轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系詞：but, however, yet, in contrast, on the contrary, whereas ,nonetheless, nevertheless, while, whilst, although, despite, in spite of, whereas, alternatively, even though and even if etc. 

5. 條件

選擇題：According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell when__（劍8T2P3-Q33）

定位原文：We breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realize the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-being. 

這題一些同學(xué)會誤選D. we are surrounded by odors。問題要求的是表?xiàng)l件when, 定位到原文應(yīng)該是when the faculty of smell is impaired（損壞）…, 所以答案應(yīng)該選C.our ability to smell is damaged.

表?xiàng)l件的邏輯關(guān)系詞：if, unless, when, whenever, granted that…., provided that…, given that.. and only etc.

6. 并列 

摘要題填空：Professor Pretty concludes that… .He feels this would help to change the attitude of both______and______.（劍7T2P2-Q26）

定位原文：It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.

如果同學(xué)們不知道shift的同義詞是change, 可根據(jù)原文并列關(guān)系詞as well as與問題并列詞both…and同義替換，所以答案是consumers and farmers。

摘要題填空：In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the_______ nor _______to express their ideas.（劍5T2P3-Q30） 

定位原文：English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way.

“neither...nor”與原文“first…second”表并列，根據(jù)問題，答案應(yīng)該是名詞：technical vocabulary nor grammatical resources。 

表并列的邏輯關(guān)系詞：and, not only… but also, neither…nor, in addition, coupled with, also, too, as well as, equally important, additionally, first—second—third…, on the one hand-on the other hand and together with etc.

7. 比較

判斷題：Johnson has become morewell known since his death.（劍5T1P1-Q9） 

定位原文：Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours. 

原文中的意思是一樣有名(as…as)，所以答案是FALSE。 

判斷題：Government handouts do more damage than tourism does to traditional patterns of food-gathering.（劍5T4P1-Q9）

原文定位：Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labor, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems.

原文中沒有出現(xiàn)表示比較級類似的詞，所以答案是NOT GIVEN。

表比較的邏輯關(guān)系詞：as…as, the same…as, unlike, like, resemble, compare to and than etc.

以上就是“邏輯關(guān)系詞在雅思閱讀中的分類和應(yīng)用”的內(nèi)容，最后，預(yù)祝大家考試順利！

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