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時(shí)間:2019-10-25
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來(lái)源于《社論》版塊
Coal and climate change
煤炭與氣候變化
Betting on black
押注煤炭前途昏暗
Asian governments are the biggest supporters of the filthiest fuel
亞洲政府是最臟燃料的最大支持者
In the dense gloom about climate change,news of coal’s decline seems like a pinprick of hope.President Donald Trump may adore“beautiful,clean coal”,but even he cannot save it.A growing number of countries want to phase out coal entirely,a transition eased by cheap natural gas and the plunging cost of wind and solar power.
在氣候變化的陰霾中,煤炭產(chǎn)量下降的消息似乎是一絲希望。美國(guó)總統(tǒng)唐納德?特朗普或許崇尚“美麗、清潔的煤炭”,但即便是特朗普也無(wú)法拯救煤炭。越來(lái)越多的國(guó)家希望完全淘汰煤炭,廉價(jià)的天然氣和大幅下降的風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電成本緩和了過(guò)渡過(guò)程。
That is good news.Coal has been the largest engine of climate change to date,accounting for nearly a third of the rise in average temperatures since the Industrial Revolution.Any pressure on it therefore counts as progress.
這是個(gè)好消息。迄今為止,煤炭一直是氣候變化的最大引擎,在工業(yè)革命以來(lái)平均氣溫的上升中占了近三分之一。因此,對(duì)煤炭施加的任何壓力都被視為進(jìn)步。
However,last year coal-fired electricity emitted more than ten gigatonnes of carbon dioxide for the first time,30%of the world’s total.It may be in decline in the West,but many Asian governments continue to promote coal-fired power generation.They are making a dangerous bet.
然而,去年燃煤發(fā)電首次排放了超過(guò)100億噸的二氧化碳,占世界總量的30%。在西方,這一比例可能正在下降,但許多亞洲國(guó)家的政府仍在繼續(xù)推廣燃煤發(fā)電。他們?cè)谙乱粋€(gè)危險(xiǎn)的賭注。
Asia accounts for 75%of the world’s coal demand—China alone consumes half of it.The Chinese government has taken steps to limit pollution and support renewables.Yet coal consumption there rose in 2018,as it did the year before.In India coal demand grew by 9%last year.In Vietnam it swelled by almost a quarter.To keep the rise in global temperatures to no more than 1.5°C relative to pre-industrial times,climatologists insist that almost all coal plants must shut by 2050,which means starting to act now.Today’s trends would keep the last coal plant open until 2079,estimates UBS,a bank.Asia’s coal-fired power regiment has a sprightly average age of 15,compared with a creaky 40 years in America,close to retirement.
亞洲占世界煤炭需求的75%,僅中國(guó)就占了一半。中國(guó)政府已經(jīng)采取措施限制污染,支持可再生能源。然而,與前2017年一樣,2018年中國(guó)的煤炭消費(fèi)量有所上升。去年印度的煤炭需求增長(zhǎng)了9%。在越南,這一數(shù)字增長(zhǎng)了近四分之一。為了將全球氣溫相對(duì)于工業(yè)化前時(shí)期的上升幅度控制在1.5攝氏度以內(nèi),氣候?qū)W家堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,到2050年,幾乎所有的燃煤電廠都必須關(guān)閉,這意味著現(xiàn)在就要開(kāi)始行動(dòng)。據(jù)瑞士聯(lián)合銀行估計(jì),按照目前的趨勢(shì),最后一家燃煤電廠將一直運(yùn)營(yíng)到2079年。亞洲燃煤電廠的平均運(yùn)行年限是15年,而美國(guó)勉強(qiáng)維持40年,最后接近退休狀態(tài)。
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There are several reasons for this,but one stands out:government support.In India state-owned companies invest more than$6bn in coal mining and coal-fired power each year;statebacked banks provide some$10.6bn in financing.Indonesia doles out more than$2bn annually for consumption of coalfired power.Japan and South Korea finance coal projects outside their borders,too.
原因有很多,但最突出的一個(gè)是:政府的支持。在印度,國(guó)有企業(yè)每年在煤炭開(kāi)采和燃煤發(fā)電方面的投資超過(guò)60億美元;國(guó)有銀行提供了約106億美元的融資;印尼每年為燃煤發(fā)電支出逾20億美元。日本和韓國(guó)也為境外煤炭項(xiàng)目提供資金。
Government support is hardly surprising.State-backed coal firms make money and create jobs.Wind turbines and solar panels provide power only intermittently;for now,dirtier power plants are needed as back up.Gas is pummelling coal in America,but remains a bit-player in India and much of South-East Asia,since it has to be imported and is relatively expensive.
政府的支持不足為奇。國(guó)有煤炭企業(yè)賺錢(qián)并創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)和太陽(yáng)能電池板只能間歇性地提供電力;目前,需要更臟的發(fā)電廠作為后備。在美國(guó),天然氣正在代替煤炭,但在印度和東南亞大部分地區(qū),天然氣使用比例仍然不高,因?yàn)樘烊粴獗仨氝M(jìn)口,而且相對(duì)昂貴。
Disentangling coal from the region’s economies is difficult.Indonesian coal companies are a powerful lobby;not coincidentally,power tariffs favour coal over wind and solar projects.In India coal subsidises passenger fees on railways.And heavy lending by state-owned banks has tied the health of the financial system to that of the coal industry.
將煤炭從這些地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)中分離出來(lái)是困難的。印尼煤炭公司是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的游說(shuō)團(tuán)體;與風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能項(xiàng)目相比,電力關(guān)稅更有利于煤炭項(xiàng)目,這并非巧合。在印度,煤炭收入能補(bǔ)貼鐵路客運(yùn)費(fèi)用。國(guó)有銀行的大量放貸將金融體系的健康狀況與煤炭行業(yè)的健康狀況聯(lián)系在一起。
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Nevertheless,governments betting on coal face three big risks.One is environmental.Emissions from coal plants that are already built—let alone new ones—will ensure that the world exceeds the level of carbon-dioxide emissions likely to push global temperatures up by more than 1.5°C.
然而,押注煤炭的政府面臨三大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一個(gè)是環(huán)境。已建成的燃煤電廠的排放——更不用說(shuō)新建電廠了——將導(dǎo)致全球二氧化碳排放量超過(guò)可能將全球氣溫推高1.5攝氏度以上的水平。
There is an economic risk,too.Public-sector zeal for coal is matched only by private-sector distaste.Banks,including Asian ones,have increasingly said they will stop funding new coal plants.Wind and solar farms make coal look increasingly expensive.A study has found that private banks provided three-quarters of loans to Indian renewables projects last year;state-backed banks doled out two-thirds of those for coal.
第二是經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。與公共部門(mén)對(duì)煤炭的熱情相對(duì)的是私營(yíng)部門(mén)對(duì)其的厭惡。包括亞洲銀行在內(nèi)越來(lái)越多的銀行表示,將停止為新建燃煤電廠提供資金。風(fēng)力發(fā)電廠和太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電廠使得煤炭變得越來(lái)越昂貴。一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),去年私有銀行為印度可再生能源項(xiàng)目提供了四分之三的貸款;其中三分之二由國(guó)有銀行用于購(gòu)買(mǎi)煤炭。
And then there is politics.Voters do not like breathing soot.More of them are concerned about climate change,too,as they face unpredictable growing seasons,floods and droughts.
第三是政治。選民不喜歡吸入煙塵。他們中更多的人也擔(dān)心氣候變化,因?yàn)樗麄兠媾R著無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)的生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)、洪水和干旱。
Promisingly,more Asian politicians are voicing support for clean power.In July Rodrigo Duterte,the Philippines’president,instructed his energy minister to reduce his country’s dependence on coal.In June India’s government said it planned to have 500 gigawatts of renewable power by 2030.But to speed the transition,governments in Asia and elsewhere must do more.
更有希望的是,越來(lái)越多的亞洲政界人士表示支持清潔能源。今年7月,菲律賓總統(tǒng)羅德里戈?杜特爾特要求能源部長(zhǎng)減少菲律賓對(duì)煤炭的依賴。今年6月,印度政府表示,計(jì)劃到2030年實(shí)現(xiàn)5億千瓦的可再生能源發(fā)電能力。但為了加快轉(zhuǎn)型,亞洲和其他地區(qū)的政府必須做得更多。
Politicians should move faster to reduce state support for coal.Rich countries should find ways to help.Middle-income countries in Asia would be right to point out that wealthier counterparts used coal to fuel their own growth and that America,Britain,Germany and Japan are among those that continue to support coal,for instance through tax breaks and budgetary transfers(and imports from coal-powered Asia).Abandoning coal in Asia may require diplomacy on a scale that few governments are ready to contemplate.But abandon coal they must.
政客們應(yīng)該加快行動(dòng),減少國(guó)家對(duì)煤炭的支持。富裕國(guó)家應(yīng)該想辦法提供幫助。亞洲中等收入國(guó)家應(yīng)該正確地指出,相對(duì)富裕的國(guó)家用煤炭來(lái)推動(dòng)自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),而美國(guó)、英國(guó)、德國(guó)和日本是繼續(xù)支持煤炭的國(guó)家之一,例如通過(guò)減稅和預(yù)算轉(zhuǎn)移(以及從以煤炭為動(dòng)力的亞洲進(jìn)口)。在亞洲棄用煤炭可能需要外交手段,其規(guī)模之大,很少有政府愿意考慮。但他們必須放棄煤炭。
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