留學監(jiān)理網獨家發(fā)布!雅思閱讀(學術類)模擬題精講!（三）

各位考鴨，留學監(jiān)理網繼續(xù)為大家準備了雅思閱讀(學術類)模擬題精講!(三)，快來做題看解析吧！

圖片來自網絡，不用作商業(yè)目的。  如有侵權，請聯(lián)系我們刪除。

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

The Triune (three-in-one) Brain

The first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex. This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities. The reptilian cortex also houses the “startle centre”, a mechanism that facilitates swift reactions to unexpected occurrences in our surroundings. That panicked lurch you experience when a door slams shut somewhere in the house, or the heightened awareness you feel when a twig cracks in a nearby bush while out on an evening stroll are both examples of the reptilian cortex at work. When it comes to our interaction with others, the reptilian brain offers up only the most basic impulses: aggression, mating, and territorial defence. There is no great difference, in this sense, between a crocodile defending its spot along the river and a turf war between two urban gangs.

>>>免費在線測試你的雅思閱讀能考多少分

Although the lizard may stake a claim to its habitat, it exerts total indifference toward the well-being of its young. Listen to the anguished squeal of a dolphin separated from its pod or witness the sight of elephants mourning their dead, however, and it is clear that a new development is at play. Scientists have identified this as the limbic cortex. Unique to mammals, the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby. These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks. When we are with others of “our kind” – be it at soccer practice, church, school or a nightclub – we experience positive sensations of togetherness, solidarity and comfort. If we spend too long away from these networks, then loneliness sets in and encourages us to seek companionship.

Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes. Humans eat, sleep and play, but we also speak, plot, rationalise and debate finer points of morality. Our unique abilities are the result of an expansive third brain – the neocortex –which engages with logic, reason and ideas. The power of the neocortex comes from its ability to think beyond the present, concrete moment. While other mammals are mainly restricted to impulsive actions (although some, such as apes, can learn and remember simple lessons), humans can think about the “big picture”. We can string together simple lessons (for example, an apple drops downwards from a tree; hurting others causes unhappiness) to develop complex theories of physical or social phenomena (such as the laws of gravity and a concern for human rights).

The neocortex is also responsible for the process by which we decide on and commit to particular courses of action. Strung together over time, these choices can accumulate into feats of progress unknown to other animals. Anticipating a better grade on the following morning’s exam, a student can ignore the limbic urge to socialise and go to sleep early instead. Over three years, this ongoing sacrifice translates into a first class degree and a scholarship to graduate school; over a lifetime,it can mean ground-breaking contributions to human knowledge and development. The ability to sacrifice our drive for immediate satisfaction in order to benefit later is a product of the neocortex.

Understanding the triune brain can help us appreciate the different natures of brain damage and psychological disorders. The most devastating form of brain damage, for example, is a condition in which someone is understood to be brain dead. In this state a person appears merely unconscious – sleeping, perhaps – but this is illusory. Here, the reptilian brain is functioning on autopilot despite the permanent loss of other cortexes.

Disturbances to the limbic cortex are registered in a different manner. Pups with limbic damage can move around and feed themselves well enough but do not register the presence of their littermates. Scientists have observed how, after a limbic lobotomy (surgical cutting of brain nerves) “one impaired monkey stepped on his outraged peers as if treading on a log or a rock”. In our own species, limbic damage is closely related to sociopathic behaviour. Sociopaths in possession of fully-functioning neocortexes are often shrewd and emotionally intelligent people but lack any ability to relate to, empathise with or express concern for others.

>>>留學監(jiān)理網獨家發(fā)布!雅思閱讀(學術類)模擬題精講!(四)

One of the neurological wonders of history occurred when a railway worker named Phineas Gage survived an incident during which a metal rod skewered his skull, taking a considerable amount of his neocortex with it. Though Gage continued to live and work as before, his fellow employees observed a shift in the equilibrium of his personality. Gage’s animal propensities were now sharply pronounced while his intellectual abilities suffered; garrulous or obscene jokes replaced his once quick wit. New findings suggest, however, that Gage managed to soften these abrupt changes over time and rediscover an appropriate social manner. This would indicate that reparative therapy has the potential to help patients with advanced brain trauma to gain an improved quality of life.

Questions 14–22

Classify the following as typical of

A the reptilian cortex

B the limbic cortex

C the neocortex

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14–22 on your answer sheet.

14 giving up short-term happiness for future gains 

15 maintaining the bodily functions necessary for life  

16 experiencing the pain of losing another  

17 forming communities and social groups  

18 making a decision and carrying it out    

19 guarding areas of land   

20 developing explanations for things     

21 looking after one’s young     

22 responding quickly to sudden movement and nois

Answers：

14. C

15. A

16. B

17. B

18. C

19. A

20. C

21. B

22. A

解析：

本文講述了大腦的三個區(qū)域the reptilian cortex、the limbic cortex以及he neocortex的工作原理及作用，14-22題列出的是一些行為動作，要求根據(jù)原文描述來判斷這一行為是受大腦的哪個區(qū)域所控制。

原文第一段描述the reptilian cortex，（This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities.）這句話是說大腦的這個區(qū)域是來維持呼吸、充足的休息以及心跳等身體活動的，不需要持續(xù)對這些活動進行思考。顧名思義，就是說the reptilian cortex是來維持一些日常生理活動的。后面描述了the reptilian cortex幫助對突發(fā)情況進行快速反應以及對aggression, mating, and territorial defence作出反應。所以，15、19和22題選擇A選項。

第二段描述the limbic cortex，（the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby.）這句話是說the limbic cortex使生物養(yǎng)育自己的后代，孩子對父母有親近之感，后文（These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks.）是說該大腦區(qū)域還刺激生物尋求社會關系和親屬關系。因此，16、17和21題選B選項。

>>>免費在線咨詢雅思考試相關問題

第三、四段描述the neocortex，（Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes.）是說the neocortex是人腦特有的區(qū)域，使人區(qū)別于動物。后文主要描述the neocortex是人具有思維。所以，14、18和20題是通過思考才能完成的行為，選C選項。

(請持續(xù)關注留學監(jiān)理網動態(tài)或關注微信公眾號“考鴨資料庫”閱讀相關文章)

雅思閱讀(學術類)部分簡介：

雅思考試閱讀(學術類)部分共有三篇文章，考生需要回答40道題目。每一篇文章所需要回答的問題數(shù)量并不相同。每一道問題相對應一個分數(shù)。文章內容和題目均出現(xiàn)于試卷中。

>>>一鍵輸入GPA(2.0-4.0)，雅思成績，快速匹配適合你的院校

留學規(guī)劃和留學申請是一項復雜的長期工程，不能片面聽取網友的交流，更不能輕信留學中介的說辭。留學監(jiān)理網由有20多年國際教育行業(yè)管理和服務經驗的前教育部官員胡本未老師創(chuàng)立，得到新華社和央視網的高度評價。留學監(jiān)理網免費為學生提供留學咨詢規(guī)劃建議、推薦靠譜的留學機構、審核留學方案和中介服務協(xié)議，受學生委托提供監(jiān)理服務、督辦留學中介的服務過程并“先行賠付”。

任何關于雅思考試問題，比如雅思閱讀考試有哪些注意事項，雅思閱讀評分標準、雅思考試注意事項、國外大學對雅思成績要求是多少等問題，大家都可以在線咨詢或持續(xù)訪問該欄目的其它相關文章。

相關閱讀：

干貨!70個雅思聽力高頻詞句

雅思聽力之看病場景詞大薈萃

雅思口語高分作答方法及需避免問題

雅思口語高頻話題必備句式

雅思寫作之各類銜接詞大匯合(超實用!)

雅思寫作范文及解析-教育類

雅思寫作范文及解析-社會家庭類

• 上一篇：雅思閱讀協(xié)助定位常見同義詞
• 下一篇：留學監(jiān)理網獨家發(fā)布!雅思閱讀(學術類)模擬題精講!（四）

• 相關文章

  • 留學申請 要不要找留學中介
  • 出國留學費用一般要多少
  • 選擇留學中介的十大誤區(qū)
  • 如何選擇英國留學中介
  • 最新！2020中國教育部承認的英國大學名單完整版！
  • 干貨：曼徹斯特大學排名/申請條件/錄取白名單/就業(yè)前景...

• 最新問答

  查看更多>>
  • 香港留學一年的費用需要多少錢
  • 應屆高三學生申請出國留學讀本科的途徑有哪些？如何選擇？
  • 今年高考的文科生，二本線，讀什么專業(yè)好？
  • 高考成績剛過一本線，高考志愿填報和出國留學如何選擇？
  • 什么是CUG完全大學指南？
  • 什么是CWUR世界大學排名？