雅思課外閱讀：巖石雙語(yǔ)篇

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The Three Types of Rocks

巖石的三種類型

All rocks are not the same, even though many of them look alike. There are three main types or classes of rock: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. The differences between each of the rocks have to do with how they are formed. This is what determines the type of rock it is.

所有的石頭是不一樣的，盡管其中許多看起來(lái)一樣。主要有三種類型的巖石：沉積巖，變質(zhì)巖，火成巖。每個(gè)巖石之間的差異主要在于它們不同的形成方式。而如何形成也決定了巖石的類型。

The first type of rock is sedimentary. A sedimentary rock is formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other pieces of material. All of these particles together make up sediment. Sediment is the result of material broken down by weathering or erosion.

第一種類型的巖石是沉積巖。沉積巖形成于沙礫，貝殼，鵝卵石，或其他的物質(zhì)的細(xì)小顆粒。所有這些顆粒共同組成了沉積巖。沉積巖是風(fēng)化和侵蝕分解的結(jié)果。

Slowly, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time it will harden into rock. Sedimentary rock, usually, is fairly soft and may break apart very easily or crumble into pieces. If sedimentary rock is broken apart inside is sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock. Sedimentary rock is usually the only type of rock that also contains fossils. Fossils are the remains of once living animals or plants usually from long ago.

沉積物緩慢的層層聚積，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間后就會(huì)硬化成巖石。沉積巖通常是相當(dāng)柔軟，很容易掰開(kāi)或是破碎成片。沉積巖破裂，巖石內(nèi)部是沙子，卵石。通常情況下，沉積巖是唯一含有化石的巖石?；ǔＪ侵负芫煤芫靡郧霸?jīng)有生命的動(dòng)物或植物的遺跡。

Examples of sedimentary rock types include limestone, shale, and sandstone.

沉積巖包括石灰?guī)r，頁(yè)巖和砂巖。

The second type of rock is metamorphic. A metamorphic rock is formed under the surface of the earth from the change that takes place because of intense heat or pressure. In nature, it takes millions of years for a metamorphic rock to be formed. The rocks that result from this very long process often has ribbon-like layers and many shiny crystals. The crystals are formed by minerals which grow slowly over time on the surface of the rock.

第二種類型的巖石是變質(zhì)巖。變質(zhì)巖是在高溫或強(qiáng)壓導(dǎo)致的地形變化的地表形成。自然界形成一顆變質(zhì)巖需要上百萬(wàn)年。從這個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程導(dǎo)致巖石常呈帶狀并含有許多有光澤的晶體。該晶體由隨時(shí)間緩慢增長(zhǎng)在巖石表面的礦物形成。

Examples of metamorphic rock types include gneiss, marble, slate, and quartzite.

變質(zhì)巖類型的例子包括片麻巖，大理石，板巖，石英巖。

The third type of rock is igneous. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and hardens. Magma is the molten rock deep within the earth. The same material inside a volcano. Sometimes this magma, though, cools inside the earth. At other times it will erupt onto the surface from a volcano. When magma leaves the volcano it is called lava.

第三類巖石是火成巖。巖漿冷卻變硬形成火成巖。巖漿是地球內(nèi)部深處的熔巖。與火山內(nèi)的物質(zhì)相同。有時(shí)，這種巖漿在地球內(nèi)部就冷卻了。而在其他時(shí)候，它會(huì)爆發(fā)到從火山表面。當(dāng)巖漿離開(kāi)火山它被稱為巖漿。

When this lava cools very quickly, no crystals form and the rock will look shiny and glasslike. Sometime there are gas bubbles trapped inside the rock during the cooling process of the magma. If this occurred there will be tiny holes and spaces left in the rock.

當(dāng)熔巖快速冷卻，無(wú)結(jié)晶形成，巖石便看起來(lái)有光澤，呈玻璃狀。有時(shí)巖漿在冷卻過(guò)程中殘留了氣泡。如果發(fā)生這種情況，巖石上會(huì)有微小的孔和縫隙。

Examples of igneous rock types include basalt, obsidian, pumice, and granite.

火成巖類型的例子包括玄武巖，黑曜巖，浮石，和花崗巖。

In summary, even though many rocks may look alike, there are three types of rocks with different characteristics. The three types of rocks are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Sedimentary are form from sediments that may include particles of sand, pebbles, or other stones. Fossils may also be found in sedimentary rock. Metamorphic rock takes millions of years to form and is formed by intense heat and pressure. They often are ribbon-like and contain shiny crystals. The last type is igneous rock, which forms when magma cools and hardens deep inside the earth. Magma is the same material inside of a volcano. All three rock types can be found in many places. Some examples of each include limestone, marble, and granite. Rocks are definitely not all the same.

盡管許多巖石可能看起來(lái)很相像，但是有具有不同的特點(diǎn)三種類型的巖石。這三種類型的巖石是沉積巖，變質(zhì)巖，火成巖。沉積巖形成于沙礫，貝殼，鵝卵石，或其他的物質(zhì)的細(xì)小顆粒。沉積巖中也能找到化石。變質(zhì)巖的形成需數(shù)百萬(wàn)年，源于高溫或強(qiáng)壓。它們往往是帶狀，并含有有光澤的晶體。最后一類是火成巖，地球內(nèi)部深處的巖漿冷卻和固化形成火成巖。它與火山內(nèi)部的物質(zhì)相同。所有這三種類型的巖石可以在很多地方找到。舉個(gè)這幾種巖石的例子：石灰?guī)r，大理石和花崗巖。巖石是絕對(duì)不一樣的。

以上就是“雅思課外閱讀：巖石雙語(yǔ)篇”的內(nèi)容，最后，預(yù)祝大家考試順利！

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