泰國國王去世|民眾集體哀悼|你會用英語介紹這位國王嗎？

當?shù)貢r間10月13日，泰國國王普密蓬·阿杜德去世。在美國紐約，聯(lián)合國大會成員集體默哀，悼念當日去世的泰國國王普密蓬·阿杜德。在泰國曼谷，泰國民眾聽到消息后悲痛不已。

泰國國王普密蓬·阿杜德是一位勤政愛民，多才多藝的君主。他精通7門外語，繪畫與攝影均達到專業(yè)水平。截止到上世紀末，普密蓬國王獲得全球各大學授予的名譽學位達136個，這使他成為世界上擁有名譽學位最多的人。在君主制日益衰微的當今世界，像普密蓬國王這樣深受民眾擁戴、才華出眾又擁有一言九鼎之影響力的君主實在不多了。

對于出國在外或是準備出國的同學來說，了解一下這位國王還是非常有必要的，畢竟我們可以和泰國的小伙伴兒聊聊他們最敬愛的國王。下面，我們就來看一看普密蓬國王的介紹吧。

King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, who died Thursday aged 88, reigned through an era of rising prosperity and frequent political turmoil.

泰國國王普密蓬·阿杜德在一個日益繁榮卻政治頻亂的時期統(tǒng)治王國，他周四逝世，享年88歲。

A member of the Chakri dynasty, which has occupied the Thai throne since the 18th century, US-born and Swiss-educated Bhumibol was a deeply revered figure whose unifying appeal stretched across the spectrum of Thai society, from the rich urban elite to poor provincial farmers.

他是18世紀以來居泰國王位的查克里王朝的成員，出生于美國，在瑞士接受教育。普密蓬深受人們尊敬，獲得泰國社會各界一致?lián)泶?，無論城市富裕的精英還是外省貧困的農(nóng)民。

His seven-decade reign began in the aftermath of Thailand's occupation by Japan during the Second World War, and ended deep into the Internet age.

他統(tǒng)治泰國七十載，執(zhí)政之初，泰國剛從二戰(zhàn)時的日本占領中解放，如今早已是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代。

During the upheavals of the 20th century, he skilfully charted a course that put the monarchy at the center of Thai society, acting as a force for community and tradition even as the country lurched between political crises and military coups.

20世紀多次劇變中，他精巧施策，讓皇室處于泰國社會的中心，成為為社會和傳統(tǒng)做主的力量，即便國家在政治危機和軍事政變間蹣跚而行。

Toward the end of his reign, as his health declined, the King's presence in public life waned. Before his death, analysts expressed concern that his passing will remove a vital point of unity in an increasingly divided country.

他健康惡化，很少在公眾場合露面。逝世前，分析者擔憂其逝世會讓日益分裂的國家中喪失統(tǒng)一的支點。

From 1946, when he acceded to the throne, to the present, Bhumibol reigned over more than 20 prime ministers, more than a dozen coups (both attempted and successful) and repeated constitutional changes.

1946年登基至今，普密蓬歷經(jīng)二十多個首相，十余次政變（包括企圖政變和成功政變的）以及憲法反復修改。

Peacemaker

Over the years, the King intervened periodically in political crises, using his influence to try to defuse situations that threatened to destabilize the country. Legally, he had little power, but he carried great sway through his unique position in Thai society.

多年來，國王不斷干預政治危機，運用其影響力減緩威脅國家穩(wěn)定的危機。法律上，他幾乎沒有權力，但他通過自己在泰國社會獨一無二的地位發(fā)揮主導作用。

In 1973, the King helped steer the country out of violent clashes between student demonstrators and military rulers.

1973年，國王幫助國家避免學生示威者與軍事統(tǒng)治者之間的暴力沖突。

His most noteworthy appearance on the political stage came in May 1992, amid violence between pro-democracy campaigners and the army. The King summoned the two leaders of the rival camps; televised images showed both men submissively kneeling before their monarch and helped calm tensions and stop the violence.

他1992年5月亮相政治舞臺最值得關注，當時支持民主的抗議者和軍隊發(fā)生暴力沖突。國王召見兩個陣營的領導人，電視畫面顯示兩個男人謙恭地跪在國王前，這有助于緩和緊張態(tài)勢并遏止暴力。

The intervention is also considered to have further bolstered the King's moral authority.

他的干預被視作進一步強化了國王的道德權威。

Also known as Rama IX -- a reference to his lineage stretching from Rama I, the founder of the Chakri dynasty -- Bhumibol commanded great love and respect within Thailand. An energetic public relations machine promoted his popularity, which led to his portrait being adorned with marigolds from the marble halls of Bangkok office lobbies to the poorest of rural homes.

普密蓬也被稱為拉瑪九世，傳自查克里王朝的開創(chuàng)者拉瑪一世。普密蓬在泰國廣受愛戴。一個具有活力的公關機構為他宣傳，飾有金盞花的畫像懸掛各地，包括曼谷辦公樓的大理石廳到農(nóng)村最貧窮的人家。

Criticism against the law

The King represented the country in his travels abroad, meeting with foreign leaders. Over the decades, he worked to improve the lives of ordinary Thais through civic programs, drawing on his engineering background to advise on projects like new irrigation systems.

國王代表國家出訪，與外國領導人會晤。幾十年來，他致力于通過市政項目改善普通泰國人的生活，用自己的工程學背景為新的灌溉工程提供建議。

Strict laws, against criticizing the monarch restricted frank discussion of his life and personality. The lese majeste laws carry punishments of up to 15 years in prison, and ordinary Thai citizens, as well as the government, could bring charges on behalf of the King, so the laws were sometimes abused as a political weapon.

反對批評皇室的嚴格法律限制了對他生活和個性開誠布公的討論。反對皇權最高判處15年監(jiān)禁，普通泰國公民以及政府可以代表國王起訴，于是法律有時作為政治工具被濫用。

Human rights groups have criticized prison sentences handed down to people convicted of defaming or insulting the Thai royal family. Even the King appeared to question the restrictive climate.

人權組織批評因被控誹謗侮辱泰國皇室而加之于人的判決，國王自己也現(xiàn)身質問這種限制性氣候。

"If the King can do no wrong, it is akin to looking down upon him, because the King is not being treated as a human being," he said in his 2005 birthday speech. "The King can do wrong."

“如果國王不會犯錯，那可謂有點輕視，因為國王不被當做人來看待。”他在2005年過生日時說。“國王也會犯錯。”

But his words seemed to do little to deter the prosecutions. As the political situation in Thailand deteriorated in the wake of a military coup that ousted populist leader Thaksin Shinawatra in 2006, successive administrations pursued more lese majeste cases.

但他的話看來對阻遏這種迫害沒什么效力。2006年推翻民選領導人他信的軍事政變之后，泰國政治形勢惡化，其后的政府提起了更多反皇權案件。

According to Human Rights Watch, between January 2006 and May 2011, more than 400 lese majeste cases were brought to trial. The number of prosecutions decreased after Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, Thaksin's younger sister, took office in 2011, the rights group said.

人權觀察數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2006年1月到2011年5月，法院審理了超過400起如是案件。他信的妹妹英拉2011年就職后，迫害數(shù)量有所下降。

Yingluck was herself ousted from power in a military coup in May 2014, in the two years that followed, Human Rights Watch said there were 68 lese majeste cases brought to trial, relating to opinions, poems, cartoons and online comments.

英拉本人于2014年5月被軍事政變推翻，接下來的兩年中，人權觀察說法庭審理了68起反皇權案件。

Analysts said the laws prevented public discussion in Thailand on what would happen after the King's death, deepening uncertainty and political tensions.

分析人士表示法律禁止在泰國公開討論國王死后會發(fā)生什么，這加深了不確定性和政治緊張關系。

Young King

Born in 1927 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and raised outside Thailand, Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej of Songkla was a keen photographer and jazz saxophonist in his youth. He engaged in a range of pursuits during his life and received four patents for a number of environmental and agricultural projects, including one for an artificial rainmaking technique.

宋卡的普密蓬·阿杜德剩余馬薩諸塞州劍橋鎮(zhèn)，不在泰國長大，他年輕時是熱心攝影和爵士薩克斯演奏。他一生涉獵廣泛，獲得環(huán)境和農(nóng)業(yè)工程方面的四項專利，包括一項人工降雨技術。

Bhumibol inherited the throne after the death of his brother, King Ananda Mahidol, in 1946. The circumstances surrounding the death of Ananda, who was found in bed with a gunshot wound to his head, remain mysterious.

兄長阿南達國王駕崩，普密蓬登基。阿南達國王頭部被人槍擊，尸體倒在床上，死因仍然是個謎。

The new King was not formally crowned until May 1950, becoming the head of state of a constitutional monarchy. The Chakri dynasty had absolute rule before 1932, when a coup established the enduring presence of the military in Thai politics.

新國王1950年5月才正式加冕，成為這個君主立憲國家的首腦。查克里王朝1932年以前實施絕對統(tǒng)治，當年的軍事政變讓軍方在泰國政治中長久立足。

For much of the first few decades of Bhumibol's reign, the day-to-day running of the country was dominated by the Thai military and bureaucratic elite. Governments replaced one another through a lengthy sequence of mainly nonviolent coups.

普密蓬繼位前幾十年中的絕大多數(shù)時間，泰國軍方和精英官僚主持國家的日常運行。非暴力政變頻仍，政府像走馬燈一樣更迭。

The painful and slow transition toward a more democratic government began in the 1970s, with several setbacks along the way.

七十年代開始，向更加民主的政府轉變是痛苦和緩慢的，又多次挫折反復。

Changing country

Of the many changes Thailand has undergone since Bhumibol came to the throne, the growth in the nation's economy is among the most spectacular.

普密蓬繼位以來泰國經(jīng)理的眾多變化中，國家經(jīng)濟的增長是最引人注目的。

Largely agrarian when he came to power, Thailand has since become an industrial and service-sector giant and is the second largest economy in Southeast Asia after Indonesia.

登基時泰國還主要是個農(nóng)業(yè)國家，如今成為一個工業(yè)化和服務業(yè)大國，僅次于印尼的東南亞第二大經(jīng)濟體。

It remains one of the world's top rice producers and has become one of the most popular tourist destinations. It is also a regional manufacturing hub for the motor vehicle industry and hi-tech electronics.

泰國仍然是世界最大的稻米產(chǎn)地之一，成為最受歡迎的旅游目的地之一。泰國還是摩托車和高科技電子產(chǎn)品的地區(qū)制造中心。

As wealth has poured into the country, living standards have risen significantly, upsetting the social balance in a country that leading scholars dubbed a "network monarchy": an extensive network of royal patronage that extends outward from the palace into the rest of society.

隨著財富日豐，生活水準也顯著提高，同時打破了國家的社會平衡，不少頂尖學者將之成為“網(wǎng)絡君主制”：皇家特權遍布，從宮廷滲透到社會其他領域。

The largely rural and populous northeast of the country, a region in which Bhumibol worked enthusiastically to promote agricultural and social development, has experienced rising prosperity, creating a growing middle class.

在國家東北部人口眾多的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)，普密蓬熱心致力于促進農(nóng)業(yè)和社會發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在這里持續(xù)繁榮，中產(chǎn)階級不斷壯大。

The northeast was also a bastion of support for Thaksin, whose populist policies helped generate a political movement that unsettled the established elites.

東北部也是他信支持者的大本營，他信的民粹主義政策導致了顛覆建制派精英的政治運動。

Since Thaksin was toppled in 2006, Thailand has been riven by political instability, as the country divided into political groupings that drew their support from a complex network of associations: on one side, the generally pro-Thaksin red shirts whose support comes mainly from rural communities in the north and east; on the other, the urban and middle class elites, who largely favour a less populist, more paternalistic form of governance.

2006年他信被推翻后，泰國陷入政治動蕩，國家被分裂成從復雜的聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)絡中爭取支持的兩個政治集團：一邊是支持他信的的紅衫軍，主要來自東北部的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)，另一邊是城市中產(chǎn)精英，主要支持民粹色彩和家長作風較輕的治理形式。

Despite sometimes violent factionalism, all sides claim allegiance to the King. His intense popularity allowed for widespread celebrations of his 80th birthday in 2007, when millions wore yellow, a color associated with the King.

盡管派別暴力時有發(fā)生，雙方都宣稱效忠于國王。普密蓬的人氣很高，2007年80歲生日時舉行全國大慶，數(shù)百萬身穿黃色，這一顏色代表國王。

Poor health

But amid the political instability of recent years, Bhumibol's health began to fade and public appearances became more infrequent.

近年來泰國政治不穩(wěn)，普密蓬身體衰老，不常露面。

He was admitted to a Bangkok hospital in September 2009 with respiratory problems, a stay that lasted four years. In October 2014, he returned to have his gallbladder removed, staying in the hospital for another seven months.

普密蓬2009年9月因呼吸系統(tǒng)問題住院，一住四年。2014年10月，他再次住院，膽囊切除，在醫(yī)院中又住了7個月。

The political chaos was followed by another military coup. The army chief who led the seizure of power in May 2014 announced shortly afterward that he had received the King's endorsement.

政治混亂導致了又一次軍事政變。軍隊總司令于2014年5月奪權，很快宣布得到了國王同意。

When the King left the hospital in May 2015, he was greeted by crowds of well-wishers as he moved to the summer palace. But just a few weeks later he returned to the hospital and had remained there since, receiving treatment for fluid on the lungs and surgery to widen the arteries in his heart.

國王2015年5月出院后，大批祝福者迎接他回到夏宮。幾周后再次入院，原因是肺部積水，并做手術拓寬心臟動脈。

Some observers of Thailand have said the looming prospect of change in the monarchy has exacerbated political tensions in the country in recent years. With the King's death, a vital source of political legitimacy has perished.

有泰國觀察者認為王位可能變更，這加劇了該國近年來的政治緊張態(tài)勢。國王已死，一種關鍵的政治合法性來源就消失了。

King Bhumibol will be a hard act to follow. His expected successor and designated heir is Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn.

普密蓬難以仿效，他的指定繼任者是瑪哈·哇集拉隆功王子殿下。

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