泰國(guó)國(guó)王去世|民眾集體哀悼|你會(huì)用英語(yǔ)介紹這位國(guó)王嗎？

當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間10月13日，泰國(guó)國(guó)王普密蓬·阿杜德去世。在美國(guó)紐約，聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)成員集體默哀，悼念當(dāng)日去世的泰國(guó)國(guó)王普密蓬·阿杜德。在泰國(guó)曼谷，泰國(guó)民眾聽(tīng)到消息后悲痛不已。

泰國(guó)國(guó)王普密蓬·阿杜德是一位勤政愛(ài)民，多才多藝的君主。他精通7門(mén)外語(yǔ)，繪畫(huà)與攝影均達(dá)到專業(yè)水平。截止到上世紀(jì)末，普密蓬國(guó)王獲得全球各大學(xué)授予的名譽(yù)學(xué)位達(dá)136個(gè)，這使他成為世界上擁有名譽(yù)學(xué)位最多的人。在君主制日益衰微的當(dāng)今世界，像普密蓬國(guó)王這樣深受民眾擁戴、才華出眾又擁有一言九鼎之影響力的君主實(shí)在不多了。

對(duì)于出國(guó)在外或是準(zhǔn)備出國(guó)的同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，了解一下這位國(guó)王還是非常有必要的，畢竟我們可以和泰國(guó)的小伙伴兒聊聊他們最敬愛(ài)的國(guó)王。下面，我們就來(lái)看一看普密蓬國(guó)王的介紹吧。

King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, who died Thursday aged 88, reigned through an era of rising prosperity and frequent political turmoil.

泰國(guó)國(guó)王普密蓬·阿杜德在一個(gè)日益繁榮卻政治頻亂的時(shí)期統(tǒng)治王國(guó)，他周四逝世，享年88歲。

A member of the Chakri dynasty, which has occupied the Thai throne since the 18th century, US-born and Swiss-educated Bhumibol was a deeply revered figure whose unifying appeal stretched across the spectrum of Thai society, from the rich urban elite to poor provincial farmers.

他是18世紀(jì)以來(lái)居泰國(guó)王位的查克里王朝的成員，出生于美國(guó)，在瑞士接受教育。普密蓬深受人們尊敬，獲得泰國(guó)社會(huì)各界一致?lián)泶?，無(wú)論城市富裕的精英還是外省貧困的農(nóng)民。

His seven-decade reign began in the aftermath of Thailand's occupation by Japan during the Second World War, and ended deep into the Internet age.

他統(tǒng)治泰國(guó)七十載，執(zhí)政之初，泰國(guó)剛從二戰(zhàn)時(shí)的日本占領(lǐng)中解放，如今早已是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代。

During the upheavals of the 20th century, he skilfully charted a course that put the monarchy at the center of Thai society, acting as a force for community and tradition even as the country lurched between political crises and military coups.

20世紀(jì)多次劇變中，他精巧施策，讓皇室處于泰國(guó)社會(huì)的中心，成為為社會(huì)和傳統(tǒng)做主的力量，即便國(guó)家在政治危機(jī)和軍事政變間蹣跚而行。

Toward the end of his reign, as his health declined, the King's presence in public life waned. Before his death, analysts expressed concern that his passing will remove a vital point of unity in an increasingly divided country.

他健康惡化，很少在公眾場(chǎng)合露面。逝世前，分析者擔(dān)憂其逝世會(huì)讓日益分裂的國(guó)家中喪失統(tǒng)一的支點(diǎn)。

From 1946, when he acceded to the throne, to the present, Bhumibol reigned over more than 20 prime ministers, more than a dozen coups (both attempted and successful) and repeated constitutional changes.

1946年登基至今，普密蓬歷經(jīng)二十多個(gè)首相，十余次政變（包括企圖政變和成功政變的）以及憲法反復(fù)修改。

Peacemaker

Over the years, the King intervened periodically in political crises, using his influence to try to defuse situations that threatened to destabilize the country. Legally, he had little power, but he carried great sway through his unique position in Thai society.

多年來(lái)，國(guó)王不斷干預(yù)政治危機(jī)，運(yùn)用其影響力減緩?fù){國(guó)家穩(wěn)定的危機(jī)。法律上，他幾乎沒(méi)有權(quán)力，但他通過(guò)自己在泰國(guó)社會(huì)獨(dú)一無(wú)二的地位發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用。

In 1973, the King helped steer the country out of violent clashes between student demonstrators and military rulers.

1973年，國(guó)王幫助國(guó)家避免學(xué)生示威者與軍事統(tǒng)治者之間的暴力沖突。

His most noteworthy appearance on the political stage came in May 1992, amid violence between pro-democracy campaigners and the army. The King summoned the two leaders of the rival camps; televised images showed both men submissively kneeling before their monarch and helped calm tensions and stop the violence.

他1992年5月亮相政治舞臺(tái)最值得關(guān)注，當(dāng)時(shí)支持民主的抗議者和軍隊(duì)發(fā)生暴力沖突。國(guó)王召見(jiàn)兩個(gè)陣營(yíng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，電視畫(huà)面顯示兩個(gè)男人謙恭地跪在國(guó)王前，這有助于緩和緊張態(tài)勢(shì)并遏止暴力。

The intervention is also considered to have further bolstered the King's moral authority.

他的干預(yù)被視作進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了國(guó)王的道德權(quán)威。

Also known as Rama IX -- a reference to his lineage stretching from Rama I, the founder of the Chakri dynasty -- Bhumibol commanded great love and respect within Thailand. An energetic public relations machine promoted his popularity, which led to his portrait being adorned with marigolds from the marble halls of Bangkok office lobbies to the poorest of rural homes.

普密蓬也被稱為拉瑪九世，傳自查克里王朝的開(kāi)創(chuàng)者拉瑪一世。普密蓬在泰國(guó)廣受愛(ài)戴。一個(gè)具有活力的公關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)為他宣傳，飾有金盞花的畫(huà)像懸掛各地，包括曼谷辦公樓的大理石廳到農(nóng)村最貧窮的人家。

Criticism against the law

The King represented the country in his travels abroad, meeting with foreign leaders. Over the decades, he worked to improve the lives of ordinary Thais through civic programs, drawing on his engineering background to advise on projects like new irrigation systems.

國(guó)王代表國(guó)家出訪，與外國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人會(huì)晤。幾十年來(lái)，他致力于通過(guò)市政項(xiàng)目改善普通泰國(guó)人的生活，用自己的工程學(xué)背景為新的灌溉工程提供建議。

Strict laws, against criticizing the monarch restricted frank discussion of his life and personality. The lese majeste laws carry punishments of up to 15 years in prison, and ordinary Thai citizens, as well as the government, could bring charges on behalf of the King, so the laws were sometimes abused as a political weapon.

反對(duì)批評(píng)皇室的嚴(yán)格法律限制了對(duì)他生活和個(gè)性開(kāi)誠(chéng)布公的討論。反對(duì)皇權(quán)最高判處15年監(jiān)禁，普通泰國(guó)公民以及政府可以代表國(guó)王起訴，于是法律有時(shí)作為政治工具被濫用。

Human rights groups have criticized prison sentences handed down to people convicted of defaming or insulting the Thai royal family. Even the King appeared to question the restrictive climate.

人權(quán)組織批評(píng)因被控誹謗侮辱泰國(guó)皇室而加之于人的判決，國(guó)王自己也現(xiàn)身質(zhì)問(wèn)這種限制性氣候。

"If the King can do no wrong, it is akin to looking down upon him, because the King is not being treated as a human being," he said in his 2005 birthday speech. "The King can do wrong."

“如果國(guó)王不會(huì)犯錯(cuò)，那可謂有點(diǎn)輕視，因?yàn)閲?guó)王不被當(dāng)做人來(lái)看待。”他在2005年過(guò)生日時(shí)說(shuō)?！皣?guó)王也會(huì)犯錯(cuò)。”

But his words seemed to do little to deter the prosecutions. As the political situation in Thailand deteriorated in the wake of a military coup that ousted populist leader Thaksin Shinawatra in 2006, successive administrations pursued more lese majeste cases.

但他的話看來(lái)對(duì)阻遏這種迫害沒(méi)什么效力。2006年推翻民選領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人他信的軍事政變之后，泰國(guó)政治形勢(shì)惡化，其后的政府提起了更多反皇權(quán)案件。

According to Human Rights Watch, between January 2006 and May 2011, more than 400 lese majeste cases were brought to trial. The number of prosecutions decreased after Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, Thaksin's younger sister, took office in 2011, the rights group said.

人權(quán)觀察數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2006年1月到2011年5月，法院審理了超過(guò)400起如是案件。他信的妹妹英拉2011年就職后，迫害數(shù)量有所下降。

Yingluck was herself ousted from power in a military coup in May 2014, in the two years that followed, Human Rights Watch said there were 68 lese majeste cases brought to trial, relating to opinions, poems, cartoons and online comments.

英拉本人于2014年5月被軍事政變推翻，接下來(lái)的兩年中，人權(quán)觀察說(shuō)法庭審理了68起反皇權(quán)案件。

Analysts said the laws prevented public discussion in Thailand on what would happen after the King's death, deepening uncertainty and political tensions.

分析人士表示法律禁止在泰國(guó)公開(kāi)討論國(guó)王死后會(huì)發(fā)生什么，這加深了不確定性和政治緊張關(guān)系。

Young King

Born in 1927 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and raised outside Thailand, Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej of Songkla was a keen photographer and jazz saxophonist in his youth. He engaged in a range of pursuits during his life and received four patents for a number of environmental and agricultural projects, including one for an artificial rainmaking technique.

宋卡的普密蓬·阿杜德剩余馬薩諸塞州劍橋鎮(zhèn)，不在泰國(guó)長(zhǎng)大，他年輕時(shí)是熱心攝影和爵士薩克斯演奏。他一生涉獵廣泛，獲得環(huán)境和農(nóng)業(yè)工程方面的四項(xiàng)專利，包括一項(xiàng)人工降雨技術(shù)。

Bhumibol inherited the throne after the death of his brother, King Ananda Mahidol, in 1946. The circumstances surrounding the death of Ananda, who was found in bed with a gunshot wound to his head, remain mysterious.

兄長(zhǎng)阿南達(dá)國(guó)王駕崩，普密蓬登基。阿南達(dá)國(guó)王頭部被人槍擊，尸體倒在床上，死因仍然是個(gè)謎。

The new King was not formally crowned until May 1950, becoming the head of state of a constitutional monarchy. The Chakri dynasty had absolute rule before 1932, when a coup established the enduring presence of the military in Thai politics.

新國(guó)王1950年5月才正式加冕，成為這個(gè)君主立憲國(guó)家的首腦。查克里王朝1932年以前實(shí)施絕對(duì)統(tǒng)治，當(dāng)年的軍事政變讓軍方在泰國(guó)政治中長(zhǎng)久立足。

For much of the first few decades of Bhumibol's reign, the day-to-day running of the country was dominated by the Thai military and bureaucratic elite. Governments replaced one another through a lengthy sequence of mainly nonviolent coups.

普密蓬繼位前幾十年中的絕大多數(shù)時(shí)間，泰國(guó)軍方和精英官僚主持國(guó)家的日常運(yùn)行。非暴力政變頻仍，政府像走馬燈一樣更迭。

The painful and slow transition toward a more democratic government began in the 1970s, with several setbacks along the way.

七十年代開(kāi)始，向更加民主的政府轉(zhuǎn)變是痛苦和緩慢的，又多次挫折反復(fù)。

Changing country

Of the many changes Thailand has undergone since Bhumibol came to the throne, the growth in the nation's economy is among the most spectacular.

普密蓬繼位以來(lái)泰國(guó)經(jīng)理的眾多變化中，國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)是最引人注目的。

Largely agrarian when he came to power, Thailand has since become an industrial and service-sector giant and is the second largest economy in Southeast Asia after Indonesia.

登基時(shí)泰國(guó)還主要是個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)國(guó)家，如今成為一個(gè)工業(yè)化和服務(wù)業(yè)大國(guó)，僅次于印尼的東南亞第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。

It remains one of the world's top rice producers and has become one of the most popular tourist destinations. It is also a regional manufacturing hub for the motor vehicle industry and hi-tech electronics.

泰國(guó)仍然是世界最大的稻米產(chǎn)地之一，成為最受歡迎的旅游目的地之一。泰國(guó)還是摩托車(chē)和高科技電子產(chǎn)品的地區(qū)制造中心。

As wealth has poured into the country, living standards have risen significantly, upsetting the social balance in a country that leading scholars dubbed a "network monarchy": an extensive network of royal patronage that extends outward from the palace into the rest of society.

隨著財(cái)富日豐，生活水準(zhǔn)也顯著提高，同時(shí)打破了國(guó)家的社會(huì)平衡，不少頂尖學(xué)者將之成為“網(wǎng)絡(luò)君主制”：皇家特權(quán)遍布，從宮廷滲透到社會(huì)其他領(lǐng)域。

The largely rural and populous northeast of the country, a region in which Bhumibol worked enthusiastically to promote agricultural and social development, has experienced rising prosperity, creating a growing middle class.

在國(guó)家東北部人口眾多的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)，普密蓬熱心致力于促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)和社會(huì)發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在這里持續(xù)繁榮，中產(chǎn)階級(jí)不斷壯大。

The northeast was also a bastion of support for Thaksin, whose populist policies helped generate a political movement that unsettled the established elites.

東北部也是他信支持者的大本營(yíng)，他信的民粹主義政策導(dǎo)致了顛覆建制派精英的政治運(yùn)動(dòng)。

Since Thaksin was toppled in 2006, Thailand has been riven by political instability, as the country divided into political groupings that drew their support from a complex network of associations: on one side, the generally pro-Thaksin red shirts whose support comes mainly from rural communities in the north and east; on the other, the urban and middle class elites, who largely favour a less populist, more paternalistic form of governance.

2006年他信被推翻后，泰國(guó)陷入政治動(dòng)蕩，國(guó)家被分裂成從復(fù)雜的聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)絡(luò)中爭(zhēng)取支持的兩個(gè)政治集團(tuán)：一邊是支持他信的的紅衫軍，主要來(lái)自東北部的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)，另一邊是城市中產(chǎn)精英，主要支持民粹色彩和家長(zhǎng)作風(fēng)較輕的治理形式。

Despite sometimes violent factionalism, all sides claim allegiance to the King. His intense popularity allowed for widespread celebrations of his 80th birthday in 2007, when millions wore yellow, a color associated with the King.

盡管派別暴力時(shí)有發(fā)生，雙方都宣稱效忠于國(guó)王。普密蓬的人氣很高，2007年80歲生日時(shí)舉行全國(guó)大慶，數(shù)百萬(wàn)身穿黃色，這一顏色代表國(guó)王。

Poor health

But amid the political instability of recent years, Bhumibol's health began to fade and public appearances became more infrequent.

近年來(lái)泰國(guó)政治不穩(wěn)，普密蓬身體衰老，不常露面。

He was admitted to a Bangkok hospital in September 2009 with respiratory problems, a stay that lasted four years. In October 2014, he returned to have his gallbladder removed, staying in the hospital for another seven months.

普密蓬2009年9月因呼吸系統(tǒng)問(wèn)題住院，一住四年。2014年10月，他再次住院，膽囊切除，在醫(yī)院中又住了7個(gè)月。

The political chaos was followed by another military coup. The army chief who led the seizure of power in May 2014 announced shortly afterward that he had received the King's endorsement.

政治混亂導(dǎo)致了又一次軍事政變。軍隊(duì)總司令于2014年5月奪權(quán)，很快宣布得到了國(guó)王同意。

When the King left the hospital in May 2015, he was greeted by crowds of well-wishers as he moved to the summer palace. But just a few weeks later he returned to the hospital and had remained there since, receiving treatment for fluid on the lungs and surgery to widen the arteries in his heart.

國(guó)王2015年5月出院后，大批祝福者迎接他回到夏宮。幾周后再次入院，原因是肺部積水，并做手術(shù)拓寬心臟動(dòng)脈。

Some observers of Thailand have said the looming prospect of change in the monarchy has exacerbated political tensions in the country in recent years. With the King's death, a vital source of political legitimacy has perished.

有泰國(guó)觀察者認(rèn)為王位可能變更，這加劇了該國(guó)近年來(lái)的政治緊張態(tài)勢(shì)。國(guó)王已死，一種關(guān)鍵的政治合法性來(lái)源就消失了。

King Bhumibol will be a hard act to follow. His expected successor and designated heir is Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn.

普密蓬難以仿效，他的指定繼任者是瑪哈·哇集拉隆功王子殿下。

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