2018年11月10＆11日托福考試閱讀預(yù)測機(jī)經(jīng)（版本合集?。?/h1>

• 時間：2021-08-17

• 來源：留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)

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本周末將迎來兩場托?？荚?/a>，大家是否已經(jīng)做好了充分的準(zhǔn)備？留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)小編為大家整理了兩場考試的預(yù)測機(jī)經(jīng)，說不定會助大家一臂之力哦！以下是兩場考試的閱讀預(yù)測機(jī)經(jīng)。

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一、The Population Increase in Ming Dynasty中國明朝人口增加的原因

(相似話題參考TPO48 Chinese Population Growth)

元朝末年由于戰(zhàn)亂，沒有充足的食物導(dǎo)致人口下降，后來明初政治穩(wěn)定了，人們開始廣泛應(yīng)用原有農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)，糧食又變的富足，人口開始慢慢增加，與此同時人們也可以把一些物料等商品賣到很遠(yuǎn)的地方。后來由于冰河期的到來，再加上政局不穩(wěn)，糧食又陷入短缺狀態(tài)，人口數(shù)量開始波動。當(dāng)時的政府采用兩個方法解決問題，一個是從西方進(jìn)口糧食，一個是改善農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)?？蓯植]有解決實(shí)質(zhì)問題。后來隨著清軍入關(guān)，糧食開始慢慢增加，人口也隨之漸漸變多。

二、The Development of Printing印刷術(shù)的發(fā)展

造紙術(shù)(paper making)從中國引入歐洲，在意大利開始發(fā)展起來，一些比較大的家族壟斷了這個行業(yè)。剛開始生產(chǎn)的bible很貴，普通人是買不起的。后來新的印刷術(shù)發(fā)明了，人們可以更便捷地接受傳播的知識。

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三、Tree Rings樹的年輪

(重復(fù)2015-10-25，2015-12-20，2017-04-23)

第一段篇幅較長，介紹了年輪的定義，其形狀與氣候變化分析的關(guān)系，如春天間距會很窄之類的?？茖W(xué)家用同種大數(shù)量的年輪找重疊的年輪形狀，可以借此分析氣候的變化。第二段由年輪重疊提到了放射碳技術(shù)。第三段說除了氣候還有很多因素影響年輪，這不好判斷，但是對于一些氣候變化中比較主要的事件是可以依據(jù)年輪來判斷，舉了個邊緣帶的例子，可以判斷出某些年份冬天的降水量等信息。

四、第一段：大洋洲分布在太平洋上的島嶼，在生態(tài)上可以發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的異同。原先屬于大陸一部分的島嶼上，不僅可以看到原始生物留下的痕跡，還有經(jīng)過進(jìn)化改造后的后代物種與新到來的物種;而其他經(jīng)過地質(zhì)變化如火山爆發(fā)等原因誕生的新的島嶼上，沒有陸生物種棲息的起源，隨著時間的過去逐漸有鳥類帶來植物的種子和少數(shù)新動物物種在此安定下來。植物新物種長途跋涉到島上的途徑主要有：75%靠鳥類傳播，23%隨海水漂流，2%通過風(fēng)實(shí)現(xiàn)遷徙。

第二三段：大洋洲物種遷移方向主要是由西向東，其分布與成活率收到主要四個方面的影響：著陸島嶼的面積與土壤肥力;遷徙距離，即島嶼的位置越向東物種多樣性越低;島嶼的緯度即溫度，如高緯度島嶼上熱帶物種的成活率必然很低;海島的盛行風(fēng)既可以塑造當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂?，也可以影響新物種在島上的分布。

第四段：植物物種的分布與島嶼氣候條件特征都非常明顯，大洋洲整體的生物多樣性并不足夠豐富，尤其是隨著島嶼面積縮小與位置向東分部，以上兩方面的特征體現(xiàn)的越不充分。新物種占領(lǐng)海島之后，與外界其他物種的交流也并不頻繁，處在一種相對與世隔絕的獨(dú)立發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài)之中，所以隨著物種進(jìn)化，海島環(huán)境也孕育了一些獨(dú)特的生物物種。

五、生物類

科學(xué)家關(guān)于人類是否導(dǎo)致megafauna滅絕的討論。因?yàn)橛械膭游镌谌祟惗ň幽车匾院缶蜏缃^了，所以有科學(xué)家認(rèn)為人類的捕獵造成動物滅絕。一個科學(xué)家還說有的地方動物沒滅絕是因?yàn)槿藗兒蛣游锒蓟ハ嗔?xí)慣了彼此的存在。然而，事實(shí)證明人們的飲食只有一部分是megafauna，人們還吃其他的，所以這個不是很可信。另外，在人們還沒出現(xiàn)的時候一些動物就已經(jīng)滅絕了所以一些動物的滅絕不是人類造成的。關(guān)于人類是否導(dǎo)致動物滅絕還要經(jīng)過很長時間的考證和討論。

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真題來源：2015-8-22CN The Upper Paleolithic Revolution

P1: The Old Stone Age is the earliest period of human development and the longest phase of mankind’s history. It was not till around 30 thousand years ago (or 30 “kya") that the archaeological record reveals the emergence of technical and social advances, which comprised new technologies, hunting techniques, human burials, and an artistic tradition of astonishing competency. This dramatic change was known as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. It had been traditionally argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon exclusive to Eurasia. The absence of equivalent evidence in other regions suggested that a fundamental change had occurred in human intellectual development around 40 kya in Europe. However, the recent discovery in the Blombos Cave in South Africa of a block of decorated ochre and then sets of shell beads, dated to around 77 kya, opened up the debate. This supports other evidence of more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa from the same period. Now the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is regarded as the most noticeable evidence for the evolution of modern human behavior.

舊石器時代是人類發(fā)展的最早時期，也是人類歷史上最長的時期。直到大約3萬年前(或30“kya”)，考古記錄才揭示了技術(shù)和社會進(jìn)步的出現(xiàn)，其中包括新技術(shù)、狩獵技術(shù)、人類埋葬和驚人能力的藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)。這種戲劇性的變化被稱為舊石器時代晚期的革命。人們一直認(rèn)為舊石器時代晚期的革命是歐亞大陸?yīng)氂械目脊努F(xiàn)象。在其他地區(qū)缺乏相同的證據(jù)表明，在歐洲約40個kya地區(qū)，人類智力發(fā)展發(fā)生了根本的變化。然而，最近在南非布隆伯斯洞穴中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一塊裝飾過的赭石和幾組貝殼珠子，其年代可追溯至77基亞，引發(fā)了爭論。這也支持了在同一時期在非洲發(fā)現(xiàn)的更多功能的石器和骨骼工具的其他證據(jù)?，F(xiàn)在，舊石器時代晚期的革命被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代人類行為進(jìn)化最顯著的證據(jù)。

?P2: Two further questions follow. First, what was happening to the human cognitive process during the 40,000 years or so from innovative usage of stone in the Blombos Cave to the flourishing of human creativity in Europe? Second, during the Pleistocene a series of momentous climatic events occurred—was climate change then a component? The question of whether the sudden transition seen in Europe was built on earlier developments in Africa has been addressed at length by anthropologists Sally McBrearty and Alison Brooks. They argue that the whole issue of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record.

接下來還有兩個問題。首先，在大約4萬年的時間里，人類的認(rèn)知過程發(fā)生了什么變化，從布隆伯斯山洞的石頭的創(chuàng)新使用到歐洲人類創(chuàng)造力的繁榮?第二，更新世期間發(fā)生了一系列重大的氣候事件——?dú)夂蜃兓瞧渲械囊粋€組成部分嗎?人類學(xué)家薩利?麥克布里亞蒂(Sally McBrearty)和艾莉森?布魯克斯(Alison Brooks)對歐洲的突然轉(zhuǎn)變是否建立在非洲早期發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上的問題進(jìn)行了詳盡的探討。他們認(rèn)為，舊石器時代晚期革命的整個問題都源自于一種深刻的歐洲中心主義偏見，以及未能理解非洲考古記錄的深度和廣度。

In fact, many South African archaeological sites show that the revolution occurred in Africa during the Middle Paleolithic—tens of thousands of years before they appeared in Europe. This is supported by evidence of using new stone tools like the blade and microlithic technology. Replication has shown that blades from the time required a high level of skill to make due to their shape, indicating a higher level of hominid complexity. At the same time, exploitation of aquatic resources began to prosper.

事實(shí)上，許多南非考古遺址表明，這場革命發(fā)生在中世紀(jì)的古橄欖巖時期，比它們出現(xiàn)在歐洲早了數(shù)萬年。這是由使用新的石器工具如刀刃和微巖屑技術(shù)的證據(jù)支持的。復(fù)制表明，由于刀片的形狀，從那時起就需要高水平的技能才能制作，這表明原始人類的復(fù)雜性更高。與此同時，對水生資源的開發(fā)也開始興旺起來。

?P3: Contrasted with this view of a spontaneous leap in cognition among ancient 一 humans, some authors like Alison S. Brooks, primarily working in African archaeology, point to the gradual accumulation of modern behaviors, starting well before the 50,000 year benchmark of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution models. The extraordinary range of rock art in Australia adds great weight to the idea that artistic creativity was part and parcel of the intellectual capacity of modem humans that migrated out of Africa around 70 kya For the time being, the emergence of Modern humans in sub-Saharan Africa, socio-economic dynamism that caused their expansion through the Nile Valley into the Near East, and then a migration along the southern route of Asia as far as Australia is the most plausible scenario, though it still leaves much to be desired from future archaeological research.

與這種觀點(diǎn)的自發(fā)飛躍認(rèn)知在古代一人類,一些作者喜歡艾莉森·s·布魯克斯,主要在非洲考古工作,指出現(xiàn)代行為的逐漸積累,開始在50000年的舊石器時代晚期革命的基準(zhǔn)模型。澳大利亞巖石藝術(shù)的非凡的范圍增加了很大的重量,藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作是現(xiàn)代人類的智力的一部分遷移出非洲大約有70 kya目前,現(xiàn)代人類的出現(xiàn)在撒哈拉以南非洲地區(qū),社會經(jīng)濟(jì)活力,導(dǎo)致他們的擴(kuò)張通過尼羅河流域近東,然后遷移亞洲南部路線到澳大利亞是最合理的情況下,然而，在未來的考古學(xué)研究中仍有許多不足之處。

?P4: The question of the sudden emergence of creative activity that appears to constitute the Upper Paleolithic Revolution falls to the ground. The obvious explanation is that the gap between African developments and the subsequent better-known European events is a matter of the limitations of the archaeological record. This does not altogether cover the question of why there was the sudden flowering of creativity at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe.

似乎構(gòu)成舊石器時代晚期革命的創(chuàng)造性活動突然出現(xiàn)的問題已經(jīng)不攻自破。顯而易見的解釋是，非洲的發(fā)展與后來更為人熟知的歐洲事件之間的差距在于考古記錄的局限性。這并不能完全解釋為什么在舊石器時代晚期的歐洲，創(chuàng)造力突然爆發(fā)。

It may be that earlier creative efforts have either been lost in or have yet to emerge from the mists of time. Recent finds of decorative pierced shells dating from 43 kya or even earlier in caves in parts of western Asia near Europe may be examples of a process extending the evidence back in time. The changes in human behavior have also been attributed to the changes in climate during the period, which encompasses a number of global temperature drops. This meant a worsening of the already bitter climate which hence forced the ancestors of today's Europeans to move into a largely unpopulated region, their sudden presence in the archaeological record appearing revolutionary.

可能是早期的創(chuàng)造性努力要么迷失在時間的迷霧中，要么還沒有從時間的迷霧中浮現(xiàn)出來。最近在西歐附近的西亞部分地區(qū)的洞穴中發(fā)現(xiàn)的裝飾刺穿的貝殼可以追溯到43年前，甚至更早的時候，這可能是將證據(jù)追溯到過去的一個過程。人類行為的變化也歸因于這一時期的氣候變化，包括全球溫度的下降。這意味著已經(jīng)很惡劣的氣候正在惡化，這迫使今天的歐洲人的祖先搬到一個人煙稀少的地區(qū)，他們的突然出現(xiàn)在考古記錄中似乎具有革命性。

題目：

1. Why does the author mention a block of decorated ochre and sets of shell beads?

A. To help make the point that archaeologists regard artistic creations as the highest kind of human achievement

B. To illustrate how the discovery of certain objects makes the discovery of certain other objects more likely

C. To give some of the evidence that has changed archaeologists' thinking about human intellectual development

D. To help explain why archaeologists have been slow to recognize the importance of certain evidence available to them

2. How far back in time do the origins of the more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa go

A. To around 40 kya

B. To around 77 kya

C. To the time of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution

D. To a time before modern "human” behavior had begun to evolve

3. The word "equivalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. comprehensible

B. concrete

C. comparable

D. widely debated

4. According to paragraph 2, what do archaeologists want to know about the climate?

A. Whether it was a reason that humans lived in caves

B. Whether it was stable throughout that period

C. Whether it changed in similar ways in Africa and Europe

D. Whether it was a factor in how the human cognitive process developed

5. According to paragraph 2, anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks argue that archaeologists' traditional understanding of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was flawed because

A. they underestimated available African archaeological evidence.

B. The archaeological evidence available to them contained errors.

C. they could not distinguish artistic creations from objects meant for practical use.

D. they based their judgments on the limited archaeological record available at that time.

6. Anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks consider such components of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution as blade and microlithic technology to have

A. first emerged in the Middle Paleolithic Period, in Africa rather than in Europe

B. emerged in Europe independently in many different places at different times

C. first emerged in Europe, then to have been further developed in Africa

D. been part of a similarly sudden, but earlier, cultural revolution in Africa

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