2018年8月25日托福考試閱讀預測機經（版本合集?。?/h1>

• 時間：2021-07-23

• 來源：留學監(jiān)理網

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2018年8月25日的托?？荚?/a>是8月份唯一兩場考試中的其中一場，相信大家已經準備得很充分了。考前來看看本場考試的預測機經，緩解一下緊張的心情吧！下面是本場考試閱讀預測機經。

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The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.

This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.

When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms.

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Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.

(B) The evolution of cities in North America

(C) Trade between North American and European cities

(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.

2. The word they in line 4 refers to

(A) North American colonies

(B) cities

(C) centuries

(D) town economies

3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?

(A) Their economic success

(B) The type of merchandise they exported

(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements

(D) The pace of their development

4. The word accordingly in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) as usual

(B) in contrast

(C) to some degree

(D) for that reason

5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to

(A) an abundance of natural resources

(B) financial support from colonial governments

(C) proximity to parts of Europe

(D) a favorable climate

6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?

(A) Manufacturing equipment

(B) Capital goods

(C) Consumer goods

(D) Raw materials

7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the

(A) location of the plantations

(B) access of plantation owners to shipping

(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents

(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations

8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were

(A) more prosperous

(B) smaller

(C) less economically self-sufficient

(D) tied less closely to England than to France

9. The word recorded in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) imagined

(B) discovered

(C) documented

(D) planned

10. The word drawing in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) attracting

(B) employing

(C) instructing

(D) representing

11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of

(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth

(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade

(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms

(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states

{版本2}

life in the desert

文章回憶：

沙漠中缺水比較嚴重，植物和動物分別用不同的方式適應沙漠缺水的環(huán)境。

沙漠中的植物有不同的種類，根據各自的特性盡量減少體內水分的缺失：比如有通過根不斷擴張至更深處獲得水分，有在炎熱是收縮，在有水分時張開葉片儲存水分，有把根伸展至有水的湖泊或者地方獲取地表的水分等。

動物也通過不同的方式減少活動或者減少水分的失去。比如有的比在冷一些的環(huán)境下的同類要小許多，有的擁有的一個器官比在冷一些的環(huán)境下的同類大很多，減少水分的流失，還有一些熱的時候會hibernation，通過這樣的方式減少代謝。

映射世界

第一段：在航海行動在歐洲開始的時候，人們開始意識到地圖的重要性，同時因為航海的實踐活動讓人們越來越意識到古地圖的錯誤性。地圖印刷開始成為一個有利可圖的行業(yè)，早期的地圖往往來自于私人收藏，古書上的繪畫，版本非常多。

第二段：歐洲最早的地圖更多體現了宗教思想，認為地球居于中心，日月行星和恒星圍繞地球運轉，在人們通過航海活動意識到這種思想的錯誤后，這種地圖受到了當時人們的assault. Ptolemy (托勒密)的地圖也屬于早期的地圖，但是這種地圖不像托勒密的宗教思想，它標注了經度緯度的原則原理，還有當時人們能知道的最遠的地理位置，所以受到的攻擊比較少，而且人們經常查閱。雖然后來的發(fā)現越來越多的表明他的地圖不準確。

第三段：后來的地圖逐漸發(fā)展，但是地圖描述準確的范圍僅限于歐洲大陸人們去過的地方，對于這些地區(qū)的城鎮(zhèn)有詳細描述，但是對于其他的landmass 的描述基本靠想象和口頭描述來描繪。更加精確的地圖隨著人們的航海經歷范圍逐漸擴大才漸漸補充完善。

第四段：地圖從扁平的到地球儀的出現。圓形地球儀的出現是地圖史上的一大進步，因為扁平的地圖上，人們沒有到達的地方一般省略或者用毛邊來表示，但是球形的地圖就沒有這種可能性，必須要精準畫好。印刷業(yè)的發(fā)展解決了這一問題，人們先在橢圓形的圖上畫好這個地圖然后拼接成一個球形，標志地圖發(fā)展的一大進步。

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2018年8月25日托福預測機經

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